THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT

Development should be viewed as a process rather than a finished result. Societies are in constant flux. Others succeed, while others fail. The goal of development theory is to explain both processes. The goal of development practice is to give tools that may be used throughout entire civilizations or communities. Such interventions aim to transfer communities or societies from a state where they are thought to be in poorer shape to a state where they are thought to be in better shape.

The provision of aid in cases of violent conflict is emphasised in current linkages between development and conflict theory. Following violent conflicts, peacebuilding efforts address the same challenges as development interventions. Where the physical and social landscape has been devastated, development is at the heart of post-conflict interventions. In such circumstances, aid with development is provided. 


DEVELOPMENT:

'Development,' as we perceive it, has multiple dimensions. Economic development is the process of raising the general population's standard of life, usually through growth and poverty reduction. Because some measurements of economic advancement do not take into account a skewed distribution, measures of economic equality are also considered. Demographic changes, such as lower infant mortality and longer life expectancy, are indicators of social growth that, unlike GDP per capita, are not exaggerated by a small number of extraordinarily high numbers. The word "political development" refers to the establishment of a functional state that is responsive and accountable to its citizens, usually through democratic government and the emergence of an engaged civil society. The term development is used to refer to both a condition of affairs and a changing process, which creates ambiguity. We try to clarify this by referring to a certain degree of development rather than the process and rate of change wherever possible.


CONFLICT:

We use the term "conflict" to characterise a wide range of kinds of collective physical aggression. We include violent riots and rebellions, terrorist activities, genocide, and systematic repression in addition to wars and lower degrees of violent conflict behaviour between and within governments. This wide definition of violence allows for a comparison of the causes and effects of many types of violence, as well as their interrelationships. As a result, we argue the case for a more thorough investigation of the role of such violence in development. 

Conflict is a wide phrase that is frequently defined differently depending on the context and data set. However, there are two types of conflict to consider. The first group comprises state-versus-state conflict. Civil war or terrorism, for example, are severe manifestations of conflict that imply a certain level of conflict organisation. It is directed against the state and is carried out by a relatively organised collection of non-state actors. Some scholars consider terrorism as a measure of conflict because it has ramifications for the state's overall stability, and hence it's capacity to pursue any developmental policies. People-to-people conflict, rather than conflict directed against the state, falls under the second type. Localized land wars, religious riots, killings, and other crimes are examples of this. They have negative consequences for growth as well, but they are probably less severe than terrorism. 


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND CONFLICT:

The interconnectedness of development elements frequently leads to escalation of conflict. Administrative instability in underfunded government entities, for example, frequently results in the transfer of responsibility from the central government to NGOs, local governments, and the private sector. As a result, such groups may take on responsibilities that are much beyond their capabilities, resulting in even more conflict. NGOs, local governments, and the commercial sector, for example, lack training in facilitation, mediation, and negotiation, as well as theoretical conflict resolution knowledge. As a result, disputes worsen, and no one knows what to do about it.

In most underdeveloped countries, few institutions comprehend or practise conflict resolution. However, even when they do, they frequently work inside insufficient win-win frameworks. Negotiation through traditional win-win processes is impeded in some circumstances, for example, because the influential within poor communities are criminals. Criminal groups in Brazil have complete control over broad areas, especially within metropolitan areas, from which they sell narcotics and firearms. This is one of the numerous reasons why typical interest-based, win-win negotiations in developing countries often fail.

The official educational system also frequently undermines social ideals, because knowledge distributed through books in public schools is often laced with prejudice and preconceptions that, for example, overvalue men at the expense of women. Development assistance aims to address such issues. The Millennium Goals, among other things, are aimed at these factors. Development interventions, on the other hand, frequently overlook local politics, social realities, and belief systems. These are significant influences on conflict resolution opportunities that have been missed by people working in the field of development theory and practice. 

Interestingly, neither indigenous groups nor international development agencies take conflict resolution theory and mechanisms into account. The Human Development Report 2003, released by the United Nations Development Program, demonstrates this clearly (UNDP). Armed, violent, and military conflicts, such as interstate or civil wars, are addressed in the study with great concern. However, it ignores other, more nuanced types of conflict, as well as the idea that conflict can obstruct the attainment of development goals. The reason for this can be seen by studying the nature and effects of international development.


REFERENCES:

https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/conflict-and-development-where-conflict-concentrated-south-asia

https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/development_conflict_theory

https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/38033/2003_03_Conflict%20and%20Development.pdf

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